Photovoltaic devices and photovoltaic modules

ABSTRACT

A photovoltaic device includes: a semiconductor substrate stretching in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction; and a first amorphous semiconductor film and a second amorphous semiconductor film both provided on the semiconductor substrate. The second amorphous semiconductor film has a differ conductivity type from the first amorphous semiconductor film. The first amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film are divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to photovoltaic devices and photovoltaic modules.

BACKGROUND ART

Photovoltaic devices, capable of converting sunlight or another kind of light energy to electric energy, are increasingly expected as a next-generation energy source in view of global environmental problems. Some known photovoltaic devices have a back contact structure in which electrodes are provided only on a back face opposite a light-incident face to improve efficiency in the conversion of light energy to electric energy (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication, Tokukai, No. 2005-101427 (Patent Literature 1)).

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

Patent Literature 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication, Tokukai, No. 2005-101427

Patent Literature 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication, Tokukai, No. 2012-49390

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

The photovoltaic device described in Patent Literature 1 includes a large-area p-type amorphous silicon film and a large-area n-type amorphous silicon film on the back face of a semiconductor substrate. Semiconductor films containing a dopant, including p-type and n-type amorphous silicon films, have a low heat resistance. Therefore, the photovoltaic device described in Patent Literature 1 in which large-area p-type and n-type amorphous silicon films are provided has a low heat resistance.

In the photovoltaic module described in Patent Literature 2, a wiring material is electrically connected to a photovoltaic device, but only at an end section of the photovoltaic device. Therefore, mechanical connection between the photovoltaic device and the wiring material is relatively week.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a photovoltaic device that exhibits an improved heat resistance.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a photovoltaic module in which mechanical connection between a photovoltaic device and a wiring material has an improved strength.

Solution to Problem

The present invention is directed to a photovoltaic device including a semiconductor substrate, a first amorphous semiconductor film of a first conductivity type, a second amorphous semiconductor film of a second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, first electrodes, and second electrodes. The semiconductor substrate has a first face and a second face opposite the first face. The semiconductor substrate is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate stretches in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate and divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. The second amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate and divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. The first electrodes are disposed respectively on these sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film. The second electrodes are disposed respectively on these sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film.

The present invention is also directed to a photovoltaic module including a photovoltaic device and a wiring sheet. The photovoltaic device includes a semiconductor substrate, a first amorphous semiconductor film of a first conductivity type, a second amorphous semiconductor film of a second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, first electrodes, and second electrodes. The semiconductor substrate has a first face and a second face opposite the first face. The semiconductor substrate is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate stretches in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate. The second amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate. The first electrodes are disposed on the first amorphous semiconductor film and separated in the first direction and the second direction. The second electrodes are disposed on the second amorphous semiconductor film and separated in the first direction and the second direction. The photovoltaic device is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet using a junction material. The junction material is disposed in at least one of a region surrounded by the wiring sheet and an adjacent pair of the first electrodes and a region surrounded by the wiring sheet and an adjacent pair of the second electrodes. The wiring sheet includes first wires electrically connected to the first electrodes and second wires electrically connected to the second electrodes.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The present invention provides a photovoltaic device that exhibits an improved heat resistance.

The present invention provides a photovoltaic module in which mechanical connection between a photovoltaic device and a wiring sheet has an improved strength.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 1(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1, taken along cross-sectional line II-II in FIG. 1(A).

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1, taken along cross-sectional line in FIG. 1(A).

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1, illustrating one of steps of a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 4 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 5 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 6 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 7 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 9 is a schematic plan view of a first mask used in the step shown in FIG. 8 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 8 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 10 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 12 is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in the step shown in FIG. 11 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 11 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 14 is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 13 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 1.

FIG. 15(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 2 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 15(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 2 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 16(A) is a schematic plan view of a first mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 2, FIG. 16(B) is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 2, and FIG. 16(C) is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 2.

FIG. 17(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 3 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 17(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 3 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 18(A) is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 3, and FIG. 18(B) is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 3.

FIG. 19(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 4 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 19(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 4 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 20(A) is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 4, and FIG. 20(B) is a schematic plan view a third mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 4.

FIG. 21(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 5 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 21(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 5 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 22(A) is a schematic plan view of a first mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 5, FIG. 22(B) is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 5, and FIG. 22(C) is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 5.

FIG. 23 is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 6 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate.

FIG. 24 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 6, taken along cross-sectional line XXIV-XXIV in FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 6, taken along cross-sectional line XXV-XXV in FIG. 23.

FIG. 26 is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 6.

FIG. 27(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 7 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 27(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 7 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 28(A) is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 7, and FIG. 28(B) is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 7.

FIG. 29(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 8 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 29(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 8 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 30(A) is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 8, and FIG. 30(B) is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device in accordance with Embodiment 8.

FIG. 31 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9, taken along cross-sectional line XXXI-XXXI in FIG. 33(A).

FIG. 32 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9, taken along cross-sectional line XXXII-XXXII in FIG. 33(A).

FIG. 33(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 33(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 34 is a schematic plan view of a wiring sheet.

FIG. 35 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along cross-sectional line XXXI-XXXI in FIG. 33(A), illustrating one of steps of a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9.

FIG. 36 is a schematic plan view of a first mask used in the step shown in FIG. 35 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9.

FIG. 37 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 35 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9.

FIG. 38 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 37 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9.

FIG. 39 is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in the step shown in FIG. 38 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9.

FIG. 40 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a step carried out subsequent to the step shown in FIG. 38 in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 9.

FIG. 41 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 10, taken along cross-sectional line XLI-XLI in FIG. 43(A).

FIG. 42 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 10, taken along cross-sectional line XLII-XLII in FIG. 43(A).

FIG. 43(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 10 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 43(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 10 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 44 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 11, taken along cross-sectional line XLIV-XLIV in FIG. 46(A).

FIG. 45 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 11, taken along cross-sectional line XLV-XLV in FIG. 46(A).

FIG. 46(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 11 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 46(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 11 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 47(A) is a schematic plan view of a first mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 11, and FIG. 47(B) is a schematic plan view of a second mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 11.

FIG. 48 is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 11.

FIG. 49 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 12, taken along cross-sectional line XLIX-XLIX in FIG. 51(A).

FIG. 50 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 12, taken along cross-sectional line L-L in FIG. 51(A).

FIG. 51(A) is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 12 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate, and FIG. 51(B) is a schematic plan view of the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 12 as viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate with first electrodes and second electrodes being omitted.

FIG. 52 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 13, taken along cross-sectional line LII-LII in FIG. 54.

FIG. 53 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 13, taken along cross-sectional line LIII-LIII in FIG. 54.

FIG. 54 is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 13 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate.

FIG. 55 is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 13.

FIG. 56 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 14, taken along cross-sectional line LVI-LVI in FIG. 58.

FIG. 57 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 14, taken along cross-sectional line LVII-LVII in FIG. 58.

FIG. 58 is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 14 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate.

FIG. 59 is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 14.

FIG. 60 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 15, taken along cross-sectional line LX-LX in FIG. 62.

FIG. 61 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 15, taken along cross-sectional line LXI-LXI in FIG. 62.

FIG. 62 is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 15 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate.

FIG. 63 is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 15.

FIG. 64 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 16, taken along cross-sectional line LXIV-LXIV in FIG. 66.

FIG. 65 is schematic cross-sectional view of the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 16, taken along cross-sectional line LXV-LXV in FIG. 66.

FIG. 66 is a schematic plan view of a photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 16 as viewed from a second face side of a semiconductor substrate.

FIG. 67 is a schematic plan view of a third mask used in a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device included in the photovoltaic module in accordance with Embodiment 16.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Embodiment 1

A photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 will be described in reference to FIGS. 1 to 3.

The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment includes a semiconductor substrate 2, an i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5, a first amorphous semiconductor film 7, a second amorphous semiconductor film 9, first electrodes 11, second electrodes 13, a third amorphous semiconductor film 3, and an antireflection coat 4.

The semiconductor substrate 2 stretches both in a first direction and in a second direction that intersects the first direction. In the present embodiment, the first direction coincides with the x-direction, and the second direction coincides with the y-direction, which is perpendicular to the x-direction. “Intersect” throughout this description does not necessarily mean “perpendicular.” The semiconductor substrate 2 may be either an n-type or a p-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate 2 in the present embodiment is an n-type monocrystal silicon substrate. The semiconductor substrate 2 has a first face 2 a and a second face 2 b opposite the first face 2 a.

The first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2 has irregularities. Light is incident to the photovoltaic device 1 from a first face 2 a side. The irregularities of the first face 2 a (serving as a light-incident face) of the semiconductor substrate 2 suppress reflection of light off the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure enables more light to enter the photovoltaic device 1 and allows for improvement of the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

The third amorphous semiconductor film 3 is disposed on the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2. The third amorphous semiconductor film 3 can limit recombination of carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, including the third amorphous semiconductor film 3, thus exhibits an improved light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency. The third amorphous semiconductor film 3 may be, for example, an i-type amorphous silicon film or a stack of an i-type amorphous silicon film and an n-type amorphous silicon film. Note that throughout this description, an “i-type semiconductor” refers not only to a completely intrinsic semiconductor, but also to a semiconductor containing an n-type or p-type impurity at a sufficiently low concentration (n-type impurity concentration lower than 1×10¹⁵/cm³, and p-type impurity concentration lower than 1×10¹⁵/cm³). Note also that throughout this description, an “amorphous semiconductor” refers not only to an amorphous semiconductor containing atoms with a dangling bond (not bonded to a hydrogen), but also to a hydrogenated amorphous silicon or another like semiconductor containing atoms with no dangling bonds left (bonded to a hydrogen).

In the present embodiment, the antireflection coat 4 is disposed on a face of the third amorphous semiconductor film 3 opposite from the semiconductor substrate 2. The antireflection coat 4 on the first face 2 a (serving as a light-incident face) of the semiconductor substrate 2 suppresses reflection of incident light off the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure enables more light to enter the photovoltaic device 1 and allows for improvement of the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1. The antireflection coat 4 may be, for example, a dielectric film or a dielectric multilayer film. The antireflection coat 4 in the present embodiment is a silicon nitride film.

The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 has a first conductivity type and may be either an n-type or a p-type amorphous semiconductor film. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 may be, for example, a p-type amorphous silicon film or an n-type amorphous silicon film. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 in the present embodiment is a p-type amorphous silicon film.

The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 in the present embodiment has a lattice pattern when viewed from a second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. Each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, have a rectangular shape with first rounded corners (see FIG. 1(B)) and alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with first rounded corners. These circles and first rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

Those sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance g_(1y) that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The distance g_(1y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7.

The regions between the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 do not contribute to collection of carriers by the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The distance g_(1y) separating the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 in the second direction may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The “minority carriers” refers to holes when the semiconductor substrate 2 is an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate and to electrons when the semiconductor substrate 2 is a p-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The “diffusion length” of carriers refers to the length that the carriers diffuse to a density of 1/e, where “e” is the base of natural logarithm.

The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 in the present embodiment are arranged cyclically in the first direction and the second direction. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 may be arranged non-cyclically in either one of the first direction and the second direction or in both. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 are not necessarily arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern.

The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 has a second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be either an n-type or a p-type amorphous semiconductor film. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be, for example, a p-type amorphous silicon film or an n-type amorphous silicon film. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in the present embodiment is an n-type amorphous silicon film.

The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in the present embodiment has a lattice pattern when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. Each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, have a rectangular shape with second rounded corners (see FIG. 1(B)) and alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with second rounded corners. These circles and second rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

Those sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance g_(2y) that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The distance g_(2y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

The regions between the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 do not contribute to collection of carriers by the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The distance g_(2y) separating those sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 which are adjacent in the second direction may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in the present embodiment are arranged cyclically in the first direction and the second direction. The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be arranged non-cyclically in either one of the first direction and the second direction or in both. The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are not necessarily arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern.

The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in the present embodiment are arranged alternately when viewed in the first direction. Meanwhile, when viewed in the second direction, there are formed columns composed exclusively of sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 (containing no sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9) and columns composed exclusively of sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 (containing no sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7). As a result, in the first direction, each one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is adjacent to one of the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, but none of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is adjacent to another one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. Likewise, in the first direction, each one of the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is adjacent to one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, but none of the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is adjacent to another one of the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. In contrast, in the second direction, each one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is adjacent to another one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, and each one of the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is adjacent to another one of the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. All the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 and all the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 have the same shape and area in the present embodiment.

The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 may be disposed between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 in the present embodiment is an i-type amorphous silicon film. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is also disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 may not include the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5.

The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 may, in the first direction, be either in contact with the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 or separated from the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 may be disposed also between the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in the first direction.

The first electrodes 11 are disposed respectively on the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. Each first electrode 11 may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, have a rectangular shape with third rounded corner portions (see FIG. 1(A)) and alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with third rounded corners. These circles and third rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The first electrodes 11 in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 (see FIG. 1(A)). The first electrodes 11 are not necessarily arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern. The first electrodes 11 may be, for example, metal electrodes. The first electrodes 11 in the present embodiment are silver (Ag) and may be p-type electrodes.

Those first electrodes 11 which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The distance separating these second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each first electrode 11 and also may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The second electrodes 13 are disposed respectively on the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. Each second electrode 13 may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, have a rectangular shape with fourth rounded corner portions (see FIG. 1(A)) and alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with fourth rounded corners. These circles and fourth rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second electrodes 13 in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 (see FIG. 1(A)). The second electrodes 13 are not necessarily arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern. The second electrodes 13 may be, for example, metal electrodes. The second electrodes 13 in the present embodiment are silver (Ag) and may be n-type electrodes.

Those second electrodes 13 which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The distance separating these second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each second electrode 13 and also may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 in the present embodiment are arranged alternately when viewed in the first direction. Meanwhile, when viewed in the second direction, there are formed columns composed exclusively of first electrodes 11 (containing no second electrodes 13) and columns composed exclusively of second electrodes 13 (containing no first electrodes 11). As a result, in the first direction, each one of the first electrodes 11 is adjacent to one of the second electrodes 13, but none of the first electrodes 11 is adjacent to another one of the first electrodes 11. Likewise, in the first direction, each one of the second electrodes 13 is adjacent to one of the first electrodes 11, but none of the second electrodes 13 is adjacent another one of the second electrodes 13. In contrast, in the second direction, each one of the first electrodes 11 is adjacent to another one of the first electrodes 11, and each one of the second electrodes 13 is adjacent to another one of the second electrodes 13. All the first electrodes 11 and all the second electrodes 13 have the same shape and area in the present embodiment.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment will be described in reference to FIGS. 4 to 14.

Referring to FIG. 4, irregularities are formed on the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2. The irregularities may be formed on the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2, for example, by anisotropic etching of the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2 (n-type monocrystal silicon substrate) using potassium hydroxide (KOH).

Referring to FIG. 5, the third amorphous semiconductor film 3 is formed on the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2 on which irregularities have been formed. The third amorphous semiconductor film 3 is not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

Referring to FIG. 6, the antireflection coat 4 is formed on the third amorphous semiconductor film 3. The antireflection coat 4 is not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

Referring to FIG. 7, the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is formed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, a first mask 21 is placed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5. The first mask 21 has a first opening 22. The first opening 22 of the first mask 21 is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction.

The sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 are separated in the first direction by a first bridge section 23 of the first mask 21. Those sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 which are adjacent in the first direction are separated by a distance that is equal to the first-direction width of the first bridge section 23 of the first mask 21.

The sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 are separated in the second direction by a second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21. Those sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance d_(3y) that is equal to the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21. The distance d_(3y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The use of the first mask 21 enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 to be separated by the distance g_(1y) that is from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

The distance d_(3y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21. The width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21. The use of the first mask 21 enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 to be separated by the distance g_(1y) that is from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7.

The distance d_(3y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The use of the first mask 21 enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 to be separated by the distance g_(1y) that is less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in another pattern. Each section of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 may have a rectangular shape with first rounded corners (see FIG. 9) and may alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with first rounded corners. These circles and first rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The first mask 21 may be, for example, a metal mask.

Referring to FIG. 10, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is formed on those regions of the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 where the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 resides. More specifically, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is formed on those regions of the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 where the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 resides. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The first mask 21 is subsequently removed.

Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, a second mask 26 is placed on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The second mask 26 has a second opening 27. The second opening 27 of the second mask 26 is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction.

The sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 are separated in the first direction by a third bridge section 28 of the second mask 26. Those sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 which are adjacent in the first direction are separated by a distance that is equal to the first-direction width of the third bridge section 28 of the second mask 26.

The sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 are separated in the second direction by a fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26. Those sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance d_(4y) that is equal to the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26. The distance d_(4y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The use of the second mask 26 enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 to be separated by the distance g_(2y) that is from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

In the present embodiment, the distance d_(4y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26. The width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26. The use of the second mask 26 enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 to be separated by the distance g_(2y) that is from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

The distance d_(4y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The use of the second mask 26 enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 to be separated by the distance g_(2y) that is less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in another pattern. Each section of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 may have a rectangular shape with second rounded corners (see FIG. 12) and may alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with second rounded corners. These circles and second rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second mask 26 may be, for example, a metal mask.

Referring to FIG. 13, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed on those regions of the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 where the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 resides. More specifically, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed on those regions of the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 where the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 resides. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The second mask 26 is subsequently removed.

Next, the first electrodes 11 are formed on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, and the second electrodes 13 are formed on the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 may be formed respectively on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 using a third mask 31 having a third opening 32 shown in FIG. 14.

The third mask 31 is placed on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The third mask 31 has the third opening 32. The third opening 32 of the third mask 31 is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction that intersects the first direction.

The sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 are separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 of the third mask 31. Those sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 which are adjacent in the first direction are separated by a distance that is equal to the first-direction width of the fifth bridge section 33 of the third mask 31.

The sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 are separated in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 of the third mask 31. Those sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance d_(5y) that is equal to the second-direction width of the sixth bridge section 34 of the third mask 31. The distance d_(5y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second-direction width of the sixth bridge section 34 of the third mask 31 may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The distance d_(5y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(5y), of each section of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31. The width of the sixth bridge section 34 of the third mask 31 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(5y), of each section of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31.

The distance d_(5y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second-direction width of the sixth bridge section 34 of the third mask 31 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern and may be alternatively be arranged in another pattern. Each section of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 may have a rectangular shape with third rounded corners (see FIG. 15) and may alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with third rounded corners. These circles and third rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The third mask 31 may be, for example, a metal mask.

The first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 are then formed on those regions of the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 where the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 resides. Specifically, the first electrodes 11 are formed on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, and the second electrodes 13 are formed on the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 are not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by sputtering. The third mask 31 is subsequently removed. That concludes the manufacture of the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment shown in FIGS. 1(A) to 3.

Effects of the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 will be described.

The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment includes the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, the first electrodes 11, and the second electrodes 13. The semiconductor substrate 2 has the first face 2 a and the second face 2 b opposite the first face 2 a.

The semiconductor substrate 2 is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate 2 stretches both in the first direction and in the second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate and divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 and is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. The first electrodes 11 are disposed respectively on these sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The second electrodes 13 are disposed respectively on these sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type are divided into a plurality of sections in the second direction. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, in the second direction, has regions where neither the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type nor the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type is formed. Therefore, the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. As a result, the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment exhibits an improved heat resistance.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes 11 could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, but the other first electrodes 11 will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment hence has a low defective rate. In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second electrodes 13 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes 13 could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, but the other second electrodes 13 will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment hence has a low defective rate.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with first rounded corners, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 move to the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 formed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. At least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with first rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure can restrain the carriers from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, these circles and first rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In this structure, the minority carriers can be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the first electrodes 11 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 and the second electrodes 13.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. At least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can reduce the area of at least one of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. At least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not larger than 1 mm. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. The distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. The distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment may further include the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 can limit recombination of carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment can hence further improve the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment includes the following steps. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type is formed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 using the first mask 21, the semiconductor substrate 2 having the first face 2 a and the second face 2 b opposite the first face 2 a. The semiconductor substrate 2 is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate and stretches in the first direction and the second direction that intersects the first direction. The first mask 21 includes the first bridge section 23, the second bridge section 24, and the first opening 22. The first opening 22 is, in the first direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the first bridge section 23. The first opening 22 is, in the second direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the second bridge section 24. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type is formed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2, using the second mask 26 having the third bridge section 28, the fourth bridge section 29, and the second opening 27. The second opening 27 is, in the first direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the third bridge section 28. The second opening 27 is, in the second direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the fourth bridge section 29. The first electrodes 11 are formed respectively on the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The second electrodes 13 are formed respectively on the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are, in the second direction, divided into a plurality of sections. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1, in the second direction, has regions where neither the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type nor the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type is formed. Therefore, the method can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 exhibits an improved heat resistance.

According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes 11 could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, but the other first electrodes 11 will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the photovoltaic device 1 can hence be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second electrodes 13 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes 13 could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, but the other second electrodes 13 will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the photovoltaic device 1 can hence be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate.

According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 are formed using the first mask 21 having the first bridge section 23, the second bridge section 24, and the first opening 22. The first mask 21 has the first bridge section 23 as well as the second bridge section 24, and both the first bridge section 23 and the second bridge section 24 can impart improved mechanical strength to the first mask 21. This structure can restrain the first mask 21 from warping, thereby rendering the first opening 22 less likely to deform, when the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is formed using the first mask 21. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are formed using the second mask 26 having the third bridge section 28, the fourth bridge section 29, and the second opening 27. The second mask 26 has not only the third bridge section 28, but also the fourth bridge section 29, and both the third bridge section 28 and the fourth bridge section 29 can impart improved mechanical strength to the second mask 26. This structure can restrain the second mask 26 from warping, thereby rendering the second opening 27 less likely to deform, when the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed using the second mask 26. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 and the sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 includes the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in which at least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 move to the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 formed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. At least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure can restrain the carriers from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, these circles and rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate. By using at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the minority carriers can hence be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the first electrodes 11 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 and the second electrodes 13.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. By using at least one of the first mask and the second mask 26, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can reduce the area of at least one of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. In addition, at least one of the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 is not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can impart further improved mechanical strength to at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26. That can in turn further restrain at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26 from warping, thereby rendering at least one of the first opening 22 and the second opening 27 even less likely to deform, when at least one of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed using at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26. At least one of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Furthermore, by using at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not larger than 1 mm. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21. By using the first mask 21, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Additionally, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21. This structure can impart further improved mechanical strength to the first mask 21. The structure can further restrain the first mask 21 from warping, thereby rendering the first opening 22 even less likely to deform, when the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is formed using the first mask 21. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Furthermore, by using the first mask 21, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26. By using the second mask 26, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. In addition, the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26. This structure can impart further improved mechanical strength to the second mask 26. That can in turn further restrain the second mask 26 from warping, thereby rendering the second opening 27 even less likely to deform, when the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed using the second mask 26. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Additionally, by using the second mask 26, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 may be further formed between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 can limit recombination of carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment can hence further improve light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1.

As a first variation example of the present embodiment, an n-type monocrystal silicon substrate, an n-type amorphous semiconductor film, and a p-type amorphous semiconductor film may be used respectively as the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. As a second variation example of the present embodiment, a p-type monocrystal silicon substrate, a p-type amorphous semiconductor film, and an n-type amorphous semiconductor film may be used respectively as the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. As a third variation example of the present embodiment, a p-type monocrystal silicon substrate, an n-type amorphous semiconductor film, and a p-type amorphous semiconductor film may be used respectively as the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

Embodiment 2

A photovoltaic device 1 a and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a will be described in accordance with Embodiment 2 in reference to FIGS. 15(A) to 16(C). The photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and differs in the areas of a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a, a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a, first electrodes 11 a, and second electrodes 13 a.

Referring to FIGS. 15(A) and 15(B), the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a has a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a when the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment is viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. Specifically, the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a have a larger area than the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. More specifically, the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a have a larger first-direction length than the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a. Also, the first electrodes 11 a have a larger area than the second electrodes 13 a when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. Specifically, the first electrodes 11 a have a larger first-direction length than the second electrodes 13 a.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 4 to 14, and differs in the area of a first opening 22 a of a first mask 21 a, the area of a second opening 27 a of a second mask 26 a, and the area of a third opening 32 a of a third mask 31 a. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a is formed using the first mask 21 a shown in FIG. 16(A). The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a is formed using the second mask 26 a shown in FIG. 16(B). The first electrodes 11 a and the second electrodes 13 a are formed using the third mask 31 a shown in FIG. 16(C).

Referring to FIGS. 16(A) and 16(B), the first opening 22 a of the first mask 21 a has a larger area than the second opening 27 a of the second mask 26 a. Specifically, the sections of the first opening 22 a of the first mask 21 a have a larger area than the sections of the second opening 27 a of the second mask 26 a. More specifically, the sections of the first opening 22 a of the first mask 21 a have a larger first-direction length than the sections of the second opening 27 a of the second mask 26 a. The sections of the first opening 22 a are separated in the first direction by a first bridge section 23 a and in the second direction by a second bridge section 24 a. The sections of the second opening 27 a are separated in the first direction by a third bridge section 28 a and in the second direction by a fourth bridge section 29 a. In addition, referring to FIG. 16(C), that third opening 32 a of the third mask 31 a which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 a has a larger area than that third opening 32 a of the third mask 31 a which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 a. Specifically, those sections of the third opening 32 a which correspond to the first electrodes 11 a have a larger area than those sections of the third opening 32 a which correspond to the second electrodes 13 a. More specifically, those sections of the third opening 32 a which correspond to the first electrodes 11 a have a larger first-direction length than those sections of the third opening 32 a which correspond to the second electrodes 13 a. The sections of the third opening 32 a are separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 a and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 a.

Effects of the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. The photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment allows the area ratio of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a to the semiconductor substrate 2 and the area ratio of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a to the semiconductor substrate 2 to be freely altered. As an example, electric current collection in the photovoltaic device 1 a can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a which is composed of a p-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. On the other hand, passivation characteristics in the photovoltaic device 1 a can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a which is composed of an n-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in design.

Effects of the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment allows the area ratio of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a to the semiconductor substrate 2 and the area ratio of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a to the semiconductor substrate 2 to be freely altered. As an example, electric current collection in the photovoltaic device 1 a can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the p-type, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. On the other hand, passivation characteristics in the photovoltaic device 1 a can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the n-type, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in the design of the photovoltaic device 1 a.

Embodiment 3

A photovoltaic device 1 b and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 b will be described in accordance with Embodiment 3 in reference to FIGS. 9 and 17(A) to 18(B). The photovoltaic device 1 b in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and differs in the arrangement pattern of a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 b and a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 b and the arrangement pattern of first electrodes 11 b and second electrodes 13 b.

Referring to FIGS. 17(A) and 17(B), the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 b and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 b are arranged in a zigzag pattern in the photovoltaic device 1 b in accordance with the present embodiment, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first electrodes 11 b and the second electrodes 13 b are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 b and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 b are not necessarily arranged in a zigzag pattern, and neither are the first electrodes 11 b and the second electrodes 13 b.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 b in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 4 to 14, and differs in the pattern of a second opening 27 b of a second mask 26 b and the pattern of a third opening 32 b of a third mask 31 b. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 b is formed using the first mask 21 shown in FIG. 9. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 b is formed using the second mask 26 b shown in FIG. 18(A). The first electrodes 11 b and the second electrodes 13 b are formed using the third mask 31 b shown in FIG. 18(B).

Referring to FIG. 18(A), the second opening 27 b of the second mask 26 b has a pattern in which the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 of Embodiment 1 is shifted by half a cycle in the second direction and also in which the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 is shifted by half a cycle in the first and second directions. The second opening 27 b is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the first direction by a third bridge section 28 b and in the second direction by a fourth bridge section 29 b. Referring to FIG. 18(B), that third opening 32 b of the third mask 31 b which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 b in the present embodiment has the same pattern as that third opening 32 of the third mask 31 which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 of Embodiment 1. In addition, that third opening 32 b of the third mask 31 b which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 b in the present embodiment has a pattern in which that third opening 32 of the third mask 31 which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 of Embodiment 1 is shifted by half a cycle in the second direction. The third opening 32 b is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 b and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 b.

The photovoltaic device 1 b in accordance with the present embodiment enables the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 b and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 b, as well as the first electrodes 11 b and the second electrodes 13 b, to be arranged in a zigzag or any other pattern as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 b in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in design.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 b in accordance with the present embodiment enables the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 b and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 b, as well as the first electrodes 11 b and the second electrodes 13 b, to be arranged in a zigzag or any other pattern as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 b in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in the design of the photovoltaic device 1 b.

Embodiment 4

A photovoltaic device 1 c and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 c will be described in accordance with Embodiment 4 in reference to FIG. 16(A) and FIGS. 19(A) to 20(B). The photovoltaic device 1 c in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with Embodiment 2 shown in FIGS. 15(A) to 16(B), and differs in the arrangement pattern of a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 c and a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 c and the arrangement pattern of first electrodes 11 c and second electrodes 13 c.

Referring to FIGS. 19(A) and 19(B), the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 c and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 c are arranged in a zigzag pattern in the photovoltaic device 1 c in accordance with the present embodiment, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first electrodes 11 c and the second electrodes 13 c are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 c and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 c are not necessarily arranged in a zigzag pattern, and neither are the first electrodes 11 c and the second electrodes 13 c.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 c in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with Embodiment 2, and differs in the pattern of a second opening 27 c of a second mask 26 c and the pattern of a third opening 32 c of the third mask 31 c. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 c is formed using the first mask 21 a shown in FIG. 16(A). The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 c is formed using the second mask 26 c shown in FIG. 20(A). The first electrodes 11 c and the second electrodes 13 c are formed using the third mask 31 c shown in FIG. 20(B).

Referring to FIG. 20(A), the second opening 27 c of the second mask 26 c has a pattern in which the second opening 27 a of the second mask 26 a of Embodiment 2 is shifted by half a cycle in the second direction. The second opening 27 c is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the first direction by a third bridge section 28 c and in the second direction by a fourth bridge section 29 c. Referring to FIG. 20(B), that third opening 32 c of the third mask 31 c which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 c has a pattern in which that third opening 32 a of the third mask 31 a which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 a of Embodiment 2 is shifted by half a cycle in the second direction. The third opening 32 c is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 c and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 c.

The photovoltaic device 1 c in accordance with the present embodiment enables the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 c and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 c, as well as the first electrodes 11 c and the second electrodes 13 c, to be arranged in a zigzag or any other pattern as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 c in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in design.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 c in accordance with the present embodiment enables the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 c and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 c, as well as the first electrodes 11 c and the second electrodes 13 c, to be arranged in a zigzag or any other pattern as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 c in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in the design of the photovoltaic device 1 c.

Embodiment 5

A photovoltaic device 1 d and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d will be described in accordance with Embodiment 5 in reference to FIGS. 21(A) to 22(C). The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, but a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, first electrodes 11 d, and second electrodes 13 d of the present embodiment differ in shape and arrangement pattern from the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9, the first electrodes 11, and the second electrodes 13 of Embodiment 1.

The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In the present embodiment, each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, be shaped like a circle (see FIG. 21(B)) and alternatively like a polygon or a polygon with first rounded corners. These circles and first rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 1 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

Those sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d which are adjacent in the first direction are separated by a distance g_(1x) that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. Those sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance g_(1y) that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The distance g_(1x) separating these first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, w_(1x), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. The distance g_(1y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d.

The regions between the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d do not contribute to collection of carriers by the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. The distance g_(1x) separating those sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d which are adjacent in the first direction may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The distance g_(1y) separating those sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d which are adjacent in the second direction may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d in the present embodiment are arranged cyclically in the first direction and the second direction. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d may be arranged non-cyclically in either one of the first direction and the second direction or in both. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern.

The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. Each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d in the present embodiment may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, have a square shape with second rounded corners (see FIG. 21(B)) and alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with second rounded corners. These circles and second rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

Those sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d which are adjacent in the first direction are separated by a distance g_(2x) that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. Those sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance g_(2y) that may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The distance g_(2x) separating these first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, w_(2x), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. The distance g_(2y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d.

The regions between the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d do not contribute to collection of carriers by the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. The distance g_(2x) separating those sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d which are adjacent in the first direction may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The distance g_(2y) separating those sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d which are adjacent in the second direction may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d in the present embodiment are arranged cyclically in the first direction and the second direction. The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d may be arranged non-cyclically in either one of the first direction and the second direction or in both. The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern.

The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d has a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d when the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment is viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. Specifically, the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d have a larger area than the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d are arranged in such a manner as to enclose each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d are arranged in such a manner as to enclose each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d.

The first electrodes 11 d are disposed respectively on the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. Each first electrode 11 d in the present embodiment may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, be shaped like a circle (see FIG. 21(A)) and alternatively like a polygon or a polygon with third rounded corners. These circles and third rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The first electrodes 11 d in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 (see FIG. 21(A)) and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern.

The second electrodes 13 d are disposed respectively on the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. Each second electrode 13 in the present embodiment may, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2, have a square shape with fourth rounded corner portions (see FIG. 21(A)) and alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with fourth rounded corners. These circles and fourth rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second electrodes 13 d in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 (see FIG. 21(A)) and may alternatively be arranged in a triangular lattice pattern or a non-cyclic pattern.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1, and differs in the shape of a first opening 22 d of a first mask 21 d, the shape of a second opening 27 d of a second mask 26 d, and the shape of a third opening 32 d of a third mask 31 d. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d is formed using the first mask 21 d shown in FIG. 22(A). The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is formed using the second mask 26 d shown in FIG. 22(B). The first electrodes 11 d and the second electrodes 13 d are formed using the third mask 31 d shown in FIG. 22(C).

Referring to FIG. 22(A), the first mask 21 d has the first opening 22 d. The first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction that intersects the first direction.

The sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d are separated in the first direction by a first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d. Those sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d which are adjacent in the first direction are separated by a distance d_(3x) that is equal to the first-direction width of the first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d. The distance d_(3x) separating these first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The first-direction width of the first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The use of the first mask 21 d enables the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d to be separated by the distance g_(1x) that is from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

The sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d are separated in the second direction by a second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d. Those sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance d_(3y) that is equal to the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d. The distance d_(3y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The use of the first mask 21 d enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d to be separated by the distance g_(1y) that is from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

The distance d_(3x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d in the present embodiment may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, w_(3x), of each section of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d. The width of the first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, wax, of each section of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d. The use of the first mask 21 d enables the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d to be separated by the distance g_(1x) that is from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, w_(1x), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d.

The distance d_(3y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d in the present embodiment may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d. The width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d. The use of the first mask 21 d enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d to be separated by the distance g_(1y) that is from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d.

The distance d_(3x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first-direction width of the first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The use of the first mask 21 d enables the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d to be separated by the distance g_(1x) that is less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The distance d_(3y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The use of the first mask 21 d enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d to be separated by the distance g_(1y) that is less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in another pattern. Each section of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d may be shaped like a circle. Each section of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 may be shaped like a polygon or a polygon with first rounded corners. These circles and first rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

Referring to FIG. 22(B), the second mask 26 d has the second opening 27 d. The second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction.

The sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d are separated in the first direction by a third bridge section 28 d of the second mask 26 d. Those sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d which are adjacent in the first direction are separated by a distance d_(4x) that is equal to the first-direction width of the third bridge section 28 d of the second mask 26 d. The distance d_(4x) separating these first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second-direction width of a fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The use of the second mask 26 d enables the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 to be separated by the distance g_(2x) that is from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

The sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d are separated in the second direction by the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d. Those sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d which are adjacent in the second direction are separated by a distance d_(4y) that is equal to the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d. The distance d_(4y) separating these second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d may be, for example, from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The use of the second mask 26 d enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d to be separated by the distance g_(2y) that is from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

In the present embodiment, the distance d_(4x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, w_(4x), of each section of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d. The width of the third bridge section 28 d of the second mask 26 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, w_(4x), of each section of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d. The use of the second mask 26 d enables the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d to be separated by the distance g_(2x) that is from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the first-direction length, w_(2x), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d.

In the present embodiment, the distance d_(4y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d. The width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d. The use of the second mask 26 d enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d to be separated by the distance g_(2y) that is from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d.

The distance d_(4x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first-direction width of the third bridge section 28 d of the second mask 26 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The use of the second mask 26 d enables the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d to be separated by the distance g_(2x) that is less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The distance d_(4y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The use of the second mask 26 d enables the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d to be separated by the distance g_(2y) that is less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d in the present embodiment are arranged in a lattice pattern and may alternatively be arranged in another pattern. Each section of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may have a square shape with second rounded corners and may alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with second rounded corners. These circles and second rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

The third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. These sections of the third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d in the present embodiment include first sections and second sections. The first sections of the third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d correspond to the first electrodes 11 d. Each first section of the third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d may be shaped like a circle. The first sections of the third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d are arranged in a lattice pattern. The second sections of the third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d correspond to the second electrodes 13 d. Each second section of the third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d may have a square shape with fourth rounded corners. The second sections of the third opening 32 d of the third mask 31 d are arranged in a lattice pattern. These circles and fourth rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1.

In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with first rounded corners, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure can restrain the carriers from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d.

In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, these circles and first rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d.

In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance g_(1x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7, the distance g_(2x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In this structure, the minority carriers can be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the first electrodes 11 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d and the second electrodes 13 d.

In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, in the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance g_(1x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, the distance g_(2x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. At least one of the distance g_(1x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, the distance g_(2x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is not smaller than 30 This structure can reduce the area of at least one of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d of the first conductivity type and the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d of the second conductivity type. The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. At least one of the distance g_(1x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, the distance g_(2x) separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is not larger than 1 mm. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1 d.

In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. The distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type. The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. The distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1 d.

In the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. The distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d of the second conductivity type of the first conductivity type. The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. The distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1 d.

The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment allows the area ratio of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d to the semiconductor substrate 2 and the area ratio of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d to the semiconductor substrate 2 to be freely altered. As an example, electric current collection in the photovoltaic device 1 d can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d which is composed of a p-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. On the other hand, passivation characteristics in the photovoltaic device 1 a can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d which is composed of an n-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in design.

The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment allows the shapes and patterns of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, the first electrodes 11 d, and the second electrodes 13 d to be freely altered, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in design.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the sections of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d and the sections of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 d includes the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d in which at least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. At least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure can restrain the carriers from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, these circles and rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the first-direction width of the first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d, the first-direction width of the third bridge section 28 d of the second mask 26 d, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d, and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. By using at least one of the first mask 21 d and the second mask 26 d, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d can be rendered less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the minority carriers can hence be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the first electrodes 11 d or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d and the second electrodes 13 d.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the first-direction width of the first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d, the first-direction width of the third bridge section 28 d of the second mask 26 d, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d, and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. By using at least one of the first mask 21 d and the second mask 26 d, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d can be rendered not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can reduce the area of at least one of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d of the first conductivity type and the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 d hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. In addition, at least one of the first-direction width of the first bridge section 23 d of the first mask 21 d, the first-direction width of the third bridge section 28 d of the second mask 26 d, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d, and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d is not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can restrain at least one of the first mask 21 d and the second mask 26 d from warping, thereby rendering at least one of the first opening 22 d and the second opening 27 d less likely to deform, when at least one of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is formed using at least one of the first mask 21 d and the second mask 26 d. At least one of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Furthermore, by using at least one of the first mask 21 d and the second mask 26 d, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d can be rendered not larger than 1 mm. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1 d.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d. By using the first mask 21 d, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d of the first conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 d hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Additionally, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 d of the first mask 21 d is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of each section of the first opening 22 d of the first mask 21 d. The second bridge section 24 d can thus impart improved mechanical strength to the first mask 21 d. This structure can restrain the first mask 21 d from warping, thereby rendering the first opening 22 d less likely to deform, when the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d is formed using the first mask 21 d. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Additionally, by using the first mask 21 d, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 d. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1 d.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d. By using the second mask 26 d, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic device 1 d hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. In addition, the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 d of the second mask 26 d is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of each section of the second opening 27 d of the second mask 26 d. The fourth bridge section 29 d can thus impart improved mechanical strength to the second mask 26 d. This structure can restrain the second mask 26 d from warping, thereby rendering the second opening 27 d less likely to deform, when the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d is formed using the second mask 26 d. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Additionally, by using the second mask 26, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 d. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 d in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device 1 d.

Embodiment 6

A photovoltaic device 1 e and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 e will be described in accordance with Embodiment 6 in reference to FIGS. 23 to 25. The photovoltaic device 1 e in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and differs in the shape of first electrodes 11 e and the shape of second electrodes 13 e.

The first electrodes 11 e in the photovoltaic device 1 e in accordance with the present embodiment are formed contiguously (i.e., not divided) in the second direction. In the present embodiment, a plurality of sections into which a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 e is divided is lined up in the second direction. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is present on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 between the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 e which are lined up in the second direction. Since the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is present between the first electrodes 11 e and the semiconductor substrate 2, the first electrodes 11 e formed contiguously in the second direction do not substantially degrade the characteristics of the photovoltaic device 1 e.

The second electrodes 13 e in the photovoltaic device 1 e in accordance with the present embodiment are formed contiguously (i.e., not divided) in the second direction. In the present embodiment, a plurality of sections into which a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 e is divided is lined up in the second direction. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is present on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 between the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 e which are lined up in the second direction. Since the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is present between the second electrodes 13 e and the semiconductor substrate 2, the second electrodes 13 e formed contiguously in the second direction do not substantially degrade the characteristics of the photovoltaic device 1 e.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 e in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 4 to 14, and differs in the shape of a third opening 32 of a third mask 31 e. The first electrodes 11 e and the second electrodes 13 e in the present embodiment are formed using the third mask 31 e shown in FIG. 26.

The third mask 31 e has the third opening 32 e. The third opening 32 e of the third mask 31 e is divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction. More specifically, the sections of the third opening 32 e of the third mask 31 e are separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 e of the third mask 31 e.

Each section of the third opening 32 e of the third mask 31 e may have a rectangular shape with third rounded corners that is elongate in the second direction. These third rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive.

Embodiment 7

A photovoltaic device 1 f and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 f will be described in accordance with Embodiment 7 in reference to FIGS. 16(A) and 27(A) to 28(B). The photovoltaic device 1 f in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with Embodiment 2 shown in FIGS. 15(A) to 16(C), and differs in the arrangement patterns of a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f and second electrodes 13 f.

Referring to FIGS. 27(A) and 27(B), a plurality of sections into which a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f is divided has a cycle p₁₁ in the second direction, and a plurality of sections into which the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f is divided has a cycle p₁₂ in the second direction, the cycle p₁₁ being shorter than the cycle p₁₂. Each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f has a second-direction length w_(1y), and each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f has a second-direction length w_(2y), the length w_(1y) being smaller than the length w_(2y). First electrodes 11 f have a shorter cycle in the second direction than do the second electrodes 13 f. Each first electrode 11 f has a smaller second-direction length than does each second electrode 13 f.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 f in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with Embodiment 2, and differs in a second opening 27 f of a second mask 26 f and a third opening 32 f of a third mask 31 f. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f is formed using the first mask 21 a shown in FIG. 16(A). The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f is formed using the second mask 26 f shown in FIG. 28(A). The first electrodes 11 f and the second electrodes 13 f are formed using the third mask 31 f shown in FIG. 28(B).

Referring to FIGS. 16(A) and 28(A), a plurality of sections into which the first opening 22 a of the first mask 21 a is divided has a shorter cycle in the second direction than does a plurality of sections into which the second opening 27 f of the second mask 26 f is divided. The sections of the first opening 22 a of the first mask 21 a have a second-direction length w_(3y), and the sections of the second opening 27 f of the second mask 26 f have a second-direction length w_(4y), the length w_(3y) being smaller than the length w_(4y). The sections of the second opening 27 f are separated in the first direction by a third bridge section 28 f and in the second direction by a fourth bridge section 29 f. Referring to FIG. 28(B), those sections of the third opening 32 f of the third mask 31 f which correspond to the first electrodes 11 f have a shorter cycle than do those sections of the third opening 32 f of the third mask 31 f which correspond to the second electrodes 13 f. Those sections of the third opening 32 f of the third mask 31 f which correspond to the first electrodes 11 f have a second-direction length that is smaller than the second-direction length w_(5y) of those sections of the third opening 32 f of the third mask 31 f which correspond to the second electrodes 13 f. The sections of the third opening 32 f are separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 f and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 f.

Effects of the photovoltaic device 1 f and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 f in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. In the photovoltaic device 1 f in accordance with the present embodiment, the cycle p₁₁ of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f in the second direction is shorter than the cycle p₁₂ of the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f in the second direction. For example, if the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f is a p-type amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f is an n-type amorphous semiconductor film, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f has a lower heat resistance than the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f exhibits better passivation characteristics than the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f. The photovoltaic device 1 f and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 f in accordance with the present embodiment can further reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 f, and the photovoltaic device 1 f exhibits a further improved heat resistance. The photovoltaic device 1 f and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 f in accordance with the present embodiment can increase the area of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 f having improved passivation characteristics. The photovoltaic device 1 f exhibits further improved passivation characteristics.

Embodiment 8

A photovoltaic device 1 g and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 g will be described in accordance with Embodiment 8 in reference to FIGS. 16(A) and 29(A) to 30(B). The photovoltaic device 1 g in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with Embodiment 2 shown in FIGS. 15(A) to 16(C), and differs in the arrangement patterns of a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 g and second electrodes 13 g.

Referring to FIGS. 29(A) and 29(B), a plurality of sections into which a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 g is divided is separated in the second direction by a distance g₁₁, and a plurality of sections into which the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 g is divided is separated in the second direction by a distance g₁₂, the distance g₁₁ being smaller than the distance g₁₂. First electrodes 11 g are separated in the second direction by a distance that is smaller than the distance separating the second electrodes 13 g in the second direction.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 g in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with Embodiment 2, and differs in a second opening 27 g of a second mask 26 g and a third opening 32 g of a third mask 31 g. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 g is formed using the first mask 21 a shown in FIG. 16(A). The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 g is formed using the second mask 26 g shown in FIG. 30(A). The first electrodes 11 g and the second electrodes 13 g are formed using the third mask 31 g shown in FIG. 30(B).

Referring to FIGS. 16(A) and 30(A), the first opening 22 a of the first mask 21 a is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the second direction by a distance d_(3y), and the second opening 27 g of the second mask 26 g is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the second direction by a distance d_(4y), the distance d_(3y) being smaller than the distance d_(4y). The sections of the second opening 27 g are separated in the first direction by a third bridge section 28 g and in the second direction by a fourth bridge section 29 g. Referring to FIG. 30(B), those sections of the third opening 32 g of the third mask 31 g which correspond to the first electrodes 11 g are separated by a distance that is smaller than the distance d_(5y) separating those sections of the third opening 32 g of the third mask 31 g which correspond to the second electrodes 13 g. The sections of the third opening 32 g are separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 g and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 g.

Effects of the photovoltaic device 1 g and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 g in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. In the photovoltaic device 1 g in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g₁₁ separating the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 g in the second direction is smaller than the distance g₁₂ separating the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 g in the second direction. Therefore, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 can be more efficiently collected through the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the first electrodes 11.

Embodiment 9

A photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9 will be described in reference to FIGS. 31 to 34.

The photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment includes photovoltaic devices 1 h and a wiring sheet 40.

Each photovoltaic device 1 h in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1 shown in FIGS. 1(A) to 3, and differs in the arrangement patterns of a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h and a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h.

The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h is arranged in stripes extending in the second direction and divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. These sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 are elongate in the second direction. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h may or may not be arranged cyclically in the first direction.

The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h is arranged in stripes extending in the second direction and divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. These sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are elongate in the second direction. The sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h may or may not be arranged cyclically in the first direction.

The first electrodes 11 are disposed on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h. Alternatively, the first electrodes 11 may be disposed respectively on the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h. The first electrodes 11 are separated both in the first direction and in the second direction.

The second electrodes 13 are disposed on the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. Alternatively, the second electrodes 13 may be disposed respectively on the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. The second electrodes 13 are separated both in the first direction and in the second direction.

Referring to FIG. 34, the wiring sheet 40 includes a base material 41 and a plurality of first wires 42 and a plurality of second wires 43 both disposed on the base material 41.

The base material 41 may be, for example, a polyester, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, or other electrically insulating film.

The first wires 42 and the second wires 43 are formed in bands. The lengthwise direction of the first wires 42 is the same as the lengthwise direction of the second wires 43. The first wires 42 and the second wires 43 are alternately arranged at intervals on the base material 41.

An end of each first wire 42 and an end of each second wire 43 are electrically connected to one of power collection wires 44 that are shaped like bands. The power collection wires 44 are disposed on the base material 41. The lengthwise direction of the power collection wires 44 intersects the lengthwise direction of the first wires 42 and the lengthwise direction of the second wires 43. The power collection wires 44 function to collect electric current from the first wires 42 or the second wires 43. The first wires 42, the second wires 43, and the power collection wires 44 may be made of an electrically conductive material. This conductive material may be, for example, copper or another like metal.

Referring to FIGS. 31 and 32, the photovoltaic device 1 h is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet 40 using a junction material 38. The “mechanical connection” of the photovoltaic device 1 h to the wiring sheet 40, as examples, may be adhesion of the photovoltaic device 1 h to the wiring sheet 40 using an electrically insulating and adhesive resin material and may be secure attachment of the photovoltaic device 1 h to the wiring sheet 40 using a solder. The photovoltaic device 1 h is also electrically connected to the wiring sheet 40. The first electrodes 11 of the photovoltaic device 1 h are electrically connected to the first wires 42 of the wiring sheet 40, and the second electrodes 13 of the photovoltaic device 1 h are electrically connected to the second wires 43 of the wiring sheet 40.

The junction material 38 in the present embodiment is disposed in each region surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and a pair of those first and second electrodes 11 and 13 which are adjacent in the first direction (see FIG. 31). The junction material 38 in the present embodiment is also disposed in each region surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and a pair of those first electrodes 11 which are adjacent in the second direction (see FIG. 32) and in each region surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and a pair of those second electrodes 13 which are adjacent in the second direction. Alternatively, the junction material 38 may be disposed at least either in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and those adjacent first electrodes 11 or in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and those adjacent second electrodes 13. No junction material 38 may be disposed in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and those adjacent first and second electrodes 11 and 13.

The junction material 38 in the present embodiment is an insulating junction material that may be, for example, an insulating resin adhesive. Alternatively, the junction material 38 may be a conductive junction material, provided that the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 are not short-circuited and also that the first wires 42 and the second wires 43 are not short-circuited. For example, even when such a conductive junction material is used, the short-circuiting of the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 and the short-circuiting of the first wires 42 and the second wires 43 are still preventable if there are provided electrically insulating partition walls between the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 and between the first wires 42 and the second wires 43. The conductive junction material may be, for example, solder, conductive adhesive, anisotropic conductive film (ACF), or anisotropic conductive paste (ACP). The junction material 38, if used also for the purpose of electrically connecting the photovoltaic device 1 h to the wiring sheet 40, may be a combination of a conductive junction material and an insulating junction material.

There is provided a plurality of photovoltaic devices 1 h on the wiring sheet 40 in the present embodiment. Alternatively, there may be provided only one photovoltaic device 1 h on the wiring sheet 40.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 will be described in accordance with the present embodiment.

The photovoltaic device 1 h is prepared by the manufacturing method described below as an example. The wiring sheet 40 is prepared. The wiring sheet 40 may be manufactured by the following method that is presented here for illustrative purposes only. A conductive film is formed across a face of the base material 41. The first wires 42, the second wires 43, and the power collection wires 44 of the wiring sheet 40 are formed on the base material 41 by patterning this conductive film. The wiring sheet 40 is then mechanically connected to the photovoltaic device 1 h using the junction material 38. The photovoltaic device 1 h is electrically connected to the wiring sheet 40.

The junction material 38 in the present embodiment is disposed between the first and second wires 42 and 43 of the wiring sheet 40. The junction material 38 only needs to be disposed at least either on the wiring sheet 40 or on the photovoltaic device 1 h. For example, the junction material 38 may be disposed on the first and second wires 42 and 43 of the wiring sheet 40. The junction material 38 may be disposed between each pair of those first and second electrodes 11 and 13 which are adjacent in the first direction. The junction material 38 may be disposed between each pair of those first electrodes 11 which are adjacent in the second direction. The junction material 38 may be disposed between each pair of those second electrodes 13 which are adjacent in the second direction.

The junction material 38 connects the wiring sheet 40 mechanically to a face of the photovoltaic device 1 h on which the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 are formed. The junction material 38 in the present embodiment is disposed not only in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the first-direction-wise adjacent first and second electrodes 11 and 13, but also in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 (see FIG. 32) and in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13. In this structure, the wiring sheet 40 is mechanically connected to the photovoltaic device 1 h with improved mechanical connection strength. Then, the first electrodes 11 are brought into contact with the first wires 42 to connect the first electrodes 11 electrically to the first wires 42, and the second electrodes 13 are brought into contact with the second wires 43 to connect the second electrodes 13 electrically to the second wires 43. That concludes manufacture of the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 h included in the photovoltaic module 51 will be described in accordance with the present embodiment in reference to FIGS. 4 to 7, 14, and 35 to 39. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 h basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1, and differs in the shape of a first opening 22 h of a first mask 21 h, the shape of a second opening 27 h of a second mask 26 h, the shape of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h, and the arrangement pattern of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h.

Irregularities are formed on the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2 in the step shown in FIG. 4. The third amorphous semiconductor film 3 and the antireflection coat 4 are then formed on the first face 2 a of the semiconductor substrate 2 in the steps shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 is formed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 in the step shown in FIG. 7.

Referring to FIGS. 35 and 36, the first mask 21 h having the first opening 22 h is placed on the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5. The first opening 22 h of the first mask 21 h is arranged in stripes extending in the second direction. The first opening 22 h of the first mask 21 h is, in the first direction, divided into a plurality of sections by a first bridge section 23 h. These sections of the first opening 22 h of the first mask 21 h are elongate in the second direction and separated in the first direction by the first bridge section 23 h of the first mask 21 h.

Each section of the first opening 22 h of the first mask 21 h may have a rectangular shape with first rounded corners (see FIG. 36) and may alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with first rounded corners. These circles and first rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The first mask 21 h may be, for example, a metal mask.

Referring to FIG. 37, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h is formed on those regions of the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 where the first opening 22 h of the first mask 21 h resides. More specifically, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h is formed on those regions of the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 where the first opening 22 h of the first mask 21 h resides. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h is not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The first mask 21 h is subsequently removed.

Referring to FIGS. 38 and 39, the second mask 26 h having the second opening 27 h is placed on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h. The second opening 27 h of the second mask 26 h is arranged in stripes extending in the second direction. The second opening 27 h of the second mask 26 h is, in the first direction, divided into a plurality of sections by a third bridge section 28 h. These sections of the second opening 27 h of the second mask 26 h are elongate in the second direction and separated in the first direction by the third bridge section 28 h of the second mask 26 h.

Each section of the second opening 27 h of the second mask 26 h may have a rectangular shape with second rounded corners (see FIG. 39) and may alternatively be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with second rounded corners. These circles and second rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive, preferably from 10 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The second mask 26 h may be, for example, a metal mask.

Referring to FIG. 40, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h is formed on those regions of the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 where the second opening 27 h of the second mask 26 h resides. More specifically, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h is formed on those regions of the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 where the second opening 27 h of the second mask 26 h resides. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h is not necessarily formed by any particular method and may be formed, for example, by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The second mask 26 h is subsequently removed.

Next, the first electrodes 11 are formed on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h. The first electrodes 11 may be formed respectively on the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The second electrodes 13 are formed on the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The second electrodes 13 may be formed respectively on the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The third mask 31 having the third opening 32 shown in FIG. 14 may be used to form the first electrodes 11 on the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and to form the second electrodes 13 on the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The third mask 31 is subsequently removed. The photovoltaic device 1 h in accordance with the present embodiment shown in FIGS. 31 to 33 is obtained in this manner.

Effects of the photovoltaic module 51 and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment will be described.

The photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment includes the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. The photovoltaic device 1 h includes the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h of the first conductivity type, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h of the second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, the first electrodes 11, and the second electrodes 13. The semiconductor substrate 2 has the first face 2 a and the second face 2 b opposite the first face 2 a. The semiconductor substrate 2 is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate 2 stretches both in the first direction and in the second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first electrodes 11 are separated in the first direction and the second direction. The second electrodes 13 are separated in the first direction and the second direction. The photovoltaic device 1 h is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet 40 using the junction material 38. The junction material 38 is disposed at least either in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent first electrodes 11 or in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent second electrodes 13. The wiring sheet 40 includes the first wires 42 and the second wires 43. The first wires 42 are electrically connected to the first electrodes 11. The second wires 43 are electrically connected to the second electrodes 13.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the junction material 38 is disposed at least either in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent first electrodes 11 or in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent second electrodes 13. Therefore, the junction material 38 provides an increased junction area for the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. As a result, the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment can impart improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes 11 could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h, but the other first electrodes 11 will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h. The photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment hence has a low defective rate. In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second electrodes 13 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes 13 could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h, but the other second electrodes 13 will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. The photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment hence has a low defective rate.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with third rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 move to the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13. At least one of the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 is shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with third rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure can restrain the carriers from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, these circles and third rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In this structure, the minority carriers can be efficiently collected through either the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. At least one of the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 is not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can impart further improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. At least one of the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 is not larger than 1 mm. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each first electrode 11. The distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length of each first electrode 11. This structure can impart further improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. The distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length of each first electrode 11. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment.

In the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each second electrode 13. The distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length of each second electrode 13. This structure can impart further improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. The distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length of each second electrode 13. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment.

The photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment may further include the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h and between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 can limit recombination of carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment can hence further improve the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment includes the following steps. The photovoltaic device 1 h is prepared. The photovoltaic device 1 h includes the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h of the first conductivity type, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h of the second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, the first electrodes 11, and the second electrodes 13. The semiconductor substrate 2 has the first face 2 a and the second face 2 b opposite the first face 2 a. The semiconductor substrate 2 is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate 2 stretches both in the first direction and in the second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h is disposed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first electrodes 11 are separated in the first direction and the second direction. The second electrodes 13 are separated in the first direction and the second direction. The wiring sheet 40, including the first wires 42 and the second wires 43, is prepared. The junction material 38 is provided on at least one of the wiring sheet 40 and the photovoltaic device 1 h. The photovoltaic device 1 h is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet 40 using the junction material 38. The junction material 38 is disposed at least either in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent first electrodes 11 or in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent second electrodes 13. The first wires 42 are electrically connected to the first electrodes 11. The second wires 43 are electrically connected to the second electrodes 13.

According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the junction material 38 is disposed at least either in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent first electrodes 11 or in the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent second electrodes 13. Therefore, the junction material 38 provides an increased junction area for the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. As a result, the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment can impart improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40.

According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes 11 could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h, but the other first electrodes 11 will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h. As a result, the photovoltaic module 51 can be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate. According to the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the second electrodes 13 are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes 13 could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h, but the other second electrodes 13 will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the photovoltaic module 51 can hence be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the preparation of the photovoltaic device 1 h may involve forming the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 using the third mask 31 having the fifth bridge section 33, the sixth bridge section 34, and the third opening 32. The third opening 32 may be divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction by the fifth bridge section 33 and in the second direction by the sixth bridge section 34. The third mask 31 has the sixth bridge section 34 as well as the fifth bridge section 33, and both the sixth bridge section 34 and the fifth bridge section 33 can impart improved mechanical strength to the third mask 31. This structure can restrain the third mask 31 from warping, thereby rendering the third opening less likely to deform, when the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 are formed using the third mask 31. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, each section of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31 may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with third rounded corners. The carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 move to the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13 formed on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 is shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with third rounded corners when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. This structure can restrain the carriers from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, these circles and third rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first electrodes 11 and the second electrodes 13 from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate 2 due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the width of the sixth bridge section 34 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. By using the third mask 31 having the sixth bridge section 34, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 can be rendered less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. By using the third mask 31, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 can be rendered less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In this structure, the minority carriers can hence be efficiently collected through the first electrodes 11 or the second electrodes 13.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the width of the sixth bridge section 34 may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. By using the third mask 31 having the sixth bridge section 34, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 can be rendered not smaller than 30 μm. By using the third mask 31 having the sixth bridge section 34, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 can be rendered not smaller than 30 μm. This structure enlarges the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent first electrodes 11 and the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent second electrodes 13, thereby enabling the junction material 38 to provide a further increased junction area for the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. That in turn imparts further improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. In addition, by using the third mask 31 having the sixth bridge section 34, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 can be rendered not larger than 1 mm. By using the third mask 31 having the sixth bridge section 34, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 can be rendered not larger than 1 mm. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the width of the sixth bridge section 34 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each section of the third opening 32 of the third mask 31. By using the third mask 31 having the sixth bridge section 34, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length of each first electrode 11. By using the third mask 31, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length of each second electrode 13. This structure enlarges the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent first electrodes 11 and the regions surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and the adjacent second electrodes 13, thereby enabling the junction material 38 to provide a further increased junction area for the photovoltaic device 1 h and the wiring sheet 40. That in turn imparts further improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 and the wiring sheet 40. In addition, by using the third mask 31 having the sixth bridge section 34, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length of each first electrode 11. By using the third mask 31, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length of each second electrode 13. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment, the preparation of the photovoltaic device 1 h may further involve forming the i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h and between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. The i-type amorphous semiconductor film 5 can limit recombination of carriers (electrons or holes) generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with the present embodiment can hence further improve the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

As a first variation example of the present embodiment, an n-type monocrystal silicon substrate, an n-type amorphous semiconductor film, and a p-type amorphous semiconductor film may be used respectively as the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. As a second variation example of the present embodiment, a p-type monocrystal silicon substrate, a p-type amorphous semiconductor film, and an n-type amorphous semiconductor film may be used respectively as the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h. As a third variation example of the present embodiment, a p-type monocrystal silicon substrate, an n-type amorphous semiconductor film, and a p-type amorphous semiconductor film may be used respectively as the semiconductor substrate 2, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h.

Embodiment 10

A photovoltaic module 51 a and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a will be described in accordance with Embodiment 10 in reference to FIGS. 41 to 43. The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9 shown in FIGS. 31 to 34, and differs in the shape of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the shape of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9.

The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment includes the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 1. Referring to FIGS. 43(A) and 43(B), the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the photovoltaic device 1 h in accordance with Embodiment 9. In the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with the present embodiment, however, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are divided into a plurality of sections not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 in the present embodiment are arranged in lattice patterns on the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2. The sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are not necessarily arranged in lattice patterns and may alternatively be arranged in triangular lattice patterns or non-cyclic patterns.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9, and differs in the shape of the sections of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21 (see FIG. 9) and the shape of the sections of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26 (see FIG. 12). In the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is formed using the first mask 21 shown in FIG. 9, and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed using the second mask 26 shown in FIG. 12.

The exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment includes the following steps. The photovoltaic device 1 is prepared by the manufacturing method described in Embodiment 1. The wiring sheet 40 is prepared. The wiring sheet 40 may be manufactured by the method described in Embodiment 9. The wiring sheet 40 is then mechanically connected to the photovoltaic device 1 using the junction material 38. The photovoltaic device 1 is electrically connected to the wiring sheet 40.

The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9.

In the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are divided into a plurality of sections in the second direction. The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, in the second direction, has regions where neither the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type nor the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type is formed. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits an improved heat resistance.

In the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In this structure, the minority carriers can be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the first electrodes 11 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 and the second electrodes 13.

In the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. At least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not smaller than 30 This structure can reduce the area of at least one of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. In addition, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not larger than 1 mm. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 a.

In the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type. The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Additionally, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 a.

In the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. The photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Furthermore, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 a.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9.

According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 are, in the second direction, divided into a plurality of sections. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 a, in the second direction, has regions where neither the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type nor the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type is formed. Therefore, the method can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 a exhibits an improved heat resistance.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 (see FIG. 9) and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 (see FIG. 12) may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. By using at least one of the first mask 21 having the second bridge section 24 and the second mask 26 having the fourth bridge section 29, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate 2 of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the minority carriers can hence be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the first electrodes 11 or the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 and the second electrodes 13.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 (see FIG. 9) and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 (see FIG. 12) may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. By using at least one of the first mask 21 having the second bridge section 24 and the second mask 26 having the fourth bridge section 29, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can reduce the area of at least one of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type and the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 a hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. In addition, at least one of the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 is not smaller than 30 μm. This structure can impart improved mechanical strength to at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26. That can in turn restrain at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26 from warping, thereby rendering at least one of the first opening 22 and the second opening 27 less likely to deform, when at least one of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed using at least one of the first mask 21 and the second mask 26. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, at least one of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Furthermore, by using at least one of the first mask 21 having the second bridge section 24 and the second mask 26 having the fourth bridge section 29, at least one of the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 and the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not larger than 1 mm. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 a.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 (see FIG. 9) may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21. By using the first mask 21 having the second bridge section 24, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, first amorphous semiconductor film 7 of the first conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 a hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Additionally, the second-direction width of the second bridge section 24 of the first mask 21 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(3y), of the first opening 22 of the first mask 21. This structure can impart improved mechanical strength to the first mask 21. The structure can restrain the first mask 21 from warping, thereby rendering the first opening 22 less likely to deform, when the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 is form using the first mask 21. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Furthermore, by using the first mask 21 having the second bridge section 24, the distance g_(1y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(1y), of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 a.

In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 (see FIG. 12) may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26. By using the second mask 26 having the fourth bridge section 29, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. This structure can reduce the area of the poorly heat resistant, second amorphous semiconductor film 9 of the second conductivity type. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 a hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. In addition, the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section 29 of the second mask 26 is not smaller than one thousandth of the second-direction length, w_(4y), of the second opening 27 of the second mask 26. This structure can impart improved mechanical strength to the second mask 26. That can in turn restrain the second mask 26 from warping, thereby rendering the second opening 27 less likely to deform, when the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 is formed using the second mask 26. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment, the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can hence be formed in a more accurate pattern. Additionally, by using the second mask 26 having the fourth bridge section 29, the distance g_(2y) separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 can be rendered not larger than one tenth of the second-direction length, w_(2y), of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with the present embodiment can hence prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 51 a.

Embodiment 11

A photovoltaic module 51 b and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b will be described in accordance with Embodiment 11 in reference to FIGS. 44 to 48. The photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9 shown in FIGS. 31 to 34, and differs in that a first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i has a larger area than a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i, first electrodes 11 i have a larger total area than second electrodes 13 i, and each first electrode 11 i has a larger area than each second electrode 13 i, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

The photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment includes a photovoltaic device 1 i. Referring to FIGS. 46(A) and 46(B), the photovoltaic device 1 i in accordance with the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the photovoltaic device 1 h in accordance with Embodiment 9. In the photovoltaic device 1 i in accordance with the present embodiment, however, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i has a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. Specifically, each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i has a larger area than each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. More specifically, each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i has a larger first-direction length than does each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i. The first electrodes 11 i have a larger total area than the second electrodes 13 i when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. Specifically, each first electrode 11 i has a larger area than each second electrode 13 i. More specifically, each first electrode 11 i has a larger first-direction length than does each second electrode 13 i. The first electrodes 11 i shown in FIG. 46(A) have the same configuration as the first electrodes 11 a in accordance with Embodiment 2 shown in FIG. 15(A), and the second electrodes 13 i shown in FIG. 46(A) have the same configuration as the second electrodes 13 a in accordance with Embodiment 2 shown in FIG. 15(A).

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 1. The preparation of the photovoltaic device 1 i involves forming the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i that has a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i is formed using a first mask 21 i shown in FIG. 47(A), the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i is formed using a second mask 26 i shown in FIG. 47(B), and the first electrodes 11 i and the second electrodes 13 i are formed using a third mask 31 i shown in FIG. 48. The third mask 31 i shown in FIG. 48 has the same configuration as the third mask 31 a in accordance with Embodiment 2 shown in FIG. 16(C). A third opening 32 i of the third mask 31 i has a plurality of sections that is separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 i and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 i.

Referring to FIGS. 47(A) and 47(B), a first opening 22 i of the first mask 21 i has a larger area than a second opening 27 i of the second mask 26 i. Specifically, each section of the first opening 22 i of the first mask 21 i has a larger area than each section of the second opening 27 i of the second mask 26 i. More specifically, each section of the first opening 22 i of the first mask 21 i has a larger first-direction length than does each section of the second opening 27 i of the second mask 26 i. The first opening 22 i of the first mask 21 i is, in the first direction, divided into these sections by a first bridge section 23 i. The second opening 27 i of the second mask 26 i is, in the first direction, divided into these sections by a third bridge section 28 i.

Referring to FIG. 48, that third opening 32 i of the third mask 31 i which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 i has a larger area than that third opening 32 i of the third mask 31 i which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 i. Specifically, each section of the third opening 32 i that corresponds to one of the first electrodes 11 i has a larger area than each section of the third opening 32 i that corresponds to one of the second electrodes 13 i. More specifically, each section of the third opening 32 i that corresponds to one of the first electrodes 11 i has a larger first-direction length than does each section of the third opening 32 i that corresponds to one of the second electrodes 13 i.

The photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9. In the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i has a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment allows the area ratio of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i to the semiconductor substrate 2 and the area ratio of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i to the semiconductor substrate 2 to be freely altered. As an example, electric current collection in the photovoltaic device 1 b can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i which is composed of a p-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. On the other hand, passivation characteristics in the photovoltaic device 1 i can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i which is composed of an n-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment thus allows for greater freedom in design.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9. In the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment, the preparation of the photovoltaic device 1 i involves forming the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i that has a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment allows the area ratio of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i to the semiconductor substrate 2 and the area ratio of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i to the semiconductor substrate 2 to be freely altered. As an example, electric current collection in the photovoltaic device 1 b can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i which is composed of a p-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. On the other hand, passivation characteristics in the photovoltaic device 1 i can be improved by increasing the proportion of the area of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i which is composed of an n-type amorphous silicon film to the area of the semiconductor substrate 2 which is composed of an n-type monocrystal semiconductor substrate, as viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 b thus allows for greater freedom in design.

Embodiment 12

A photovoltaic module 51 c and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 c will be described in accordance with Embodiment 12 in reference to FIGS. 49 to 51(B). The photovoltaic module 51 c in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11 shown in FIGS. 21 to 23(B), and differs in the shape of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a and the shape of the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a.

The photovoltaic module 51 c in accordance with the present embodiment includes the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with Embodiment 2. Referring to FIG. 51, the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the photovoltaic device 1 in accordance with Embodiment 10. In the photovoltaic device 1 a in accordance with the present embodiment, however, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a are divided into a plurality of sections not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a are arranged in lattice patterns.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 c in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11, and differs in the shape of the sections of the first opening 22 a of the first mask 21 a (see FIG. 16(A)) and the shape of the sections of the second opening 27 a of the second mask 26 a (see FIG. 16(B)). In the present embodiment, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 a is formed using the first mask 21 a shown in FIG. 16(A), the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 a is formed using the second mask 26 a shown in FIG. 16(B), and the first electrodes 11 a and the second electrodes 13 a are formed using the third mask 31 a shown in FIG. 16(C).

The exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 c in accordance with the present embodiment includes the following steps. The photovoltaic device 1 a is prepared by the manufacturing method described in Embodiment 2. The wiring sheet 40 is prepared. The wiring sheet 40 may be manufactured by the method described in Embodiment 9. The wiring sheet 40 is then mechanically connected to the photovoltaic device 1 a using the junction material 38. The photovoltaic device 1 a is electrically connected to the wiring sheet 40.

The photovoltaic module 51 c in accordance with the present embodiment achieves both the effects achieved by the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with Embodiment 10 and the effects achieved by the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 c in accordance with the present embodiment achieves both the effects achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 a in accordance with Embodiment 10 and the effects achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11.

Embodiment 13

A photovoltaic module 51 d and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 d will be described in accordance with Embodiment 13 in reference to FIGS. 52 to 55. The photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9 shown in FIGS. 31 to 34, and differs in the arrangement patterns of first electrodes 11 j and second electrodes 13 j.

The photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment includes a photovoltaic device 1 j. Referring to FIG. 54, the photovoltaic device 1 j in accordance with the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the photovoltaic device 1 h in accordance with Embodiment 9. In the photovoltaic device 1 j in accordance with the present embodiment, however, the first electrodes 11 j and the second electrodes 13 j are arranged in zigzag patterns when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first electrodes 11 j in accordance with the present embodiment shown in FIG. 54 are similar to the first electrodes 11 b in accordance with Embodiment 3 shown in FIG. 17(A), and the second electrodes 13 j in accordance with the present embodiment shown in FIG. 54 are similar to the second electrodes 13 b in accordance with Embodiment 3 shown in FIG. 17(A). The first electrodes 11 j and the second electrodes 13 j may be arranged in other various patterns.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9, and differs in the pattern of a third opening 32 j of a third mask 31 j. In the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 j and the second electrodes 13 j are formed using the third mask 31 j shown in FIG. 55. That third opening 32 j of the third mask 31 j which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 j in the present embodiment has the same pattern as that third opening 32 of the third mask 31 (see FIG. 14) which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 h in accordance with Embodiment 9. That third opening 32 j of the third mask 31 j which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 j in the present embodiment has a pattern in which that third opening 32 of the third mask 31 (see FIG. 14) which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 h in accordance with Embodiment 9 is shifted by half a cycle in the second direction. The third mask 31 j in accordance with the present embodiment shown in FIG. 55 has the same configuration as the third mask 31 b in accordance with Embodiment 3 shown in FIG. 18(B). The third opening 32 j is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 j and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 j. A first amorphous semiconductor film 7 j and a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 j in accordance with the present embodiment have the same configurations as the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 h and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 h in accordance with Embodiment 9 respectively.

The photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment h. The photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment allows the first electrodes 11 j and the second electrodes 13 j to be arranged in various patterns. The photovoltaic module 51 d thus allows for greater freedom in design.

In the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 j and the second electrodes 13 j are arranged in zigzag patterns. This structure distributes, more evenly in the second direction, the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 j and the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 j. The junction material 38 is provided in the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 j and in the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 j. The photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment hence provides more uniform mechanical connection strength in the second direction between the photovoltaic device 1 j and the wiring sheet 40.

The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment achieves the following effects in addition to those achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 in accordance with Embodiment 9. The first electrodes 11 j and the second electrodes 13 j may be arranged in various patterns. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 d thus allows for greater freedom in design.

According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the first electrodes 11 j and the second electrodes 13 j are arranged in zigzag patterns. This structure distributes, more evenly in the second direction, the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 j and the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 j. The junction material 38 is provided in the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes 11 j and in the gaps separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes 13 j. According to the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment, the resultant photovoltaic module 51 d hence provides more uniform mechanical connection strength in the second direction between the photovoltaic device 1 j and the wiring sheet 40.

A variation example of the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. In this variation example, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 j and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 j may be divided into a plurality of sections not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In this variation example, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 j and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 j are arranged in zigzag patterns when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 j and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 j may be arranged in other patterns when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

Embodiment 14

A photovoltaic module 51 e and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 e will be described in accordance with Embodiment 14 in reference to FIGS. 56 to 59. The photovoltaic module 51 e in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11 shown in FIGS. 44 to 46(B), and differs in the arrangement patterns of first electrodes 11 k and second electrodes 13 k.

The photovoltaic module 51 e in accordance with the present embodiment includes a photovoltaic device 1 k. Referring to FIG. 58, the photovoltaic device 1 k in accordance with the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the photovoltaic device 1 i in accordance with Embodiment 11. In the photovoltaic device 1 k in accordance with the present embodiment, however, the first electrodes 11 k and the second electrodes 13 k are arranged in zigzag patterns when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first electrodes 11 k in accordance with the present embodiment shown in FIG. 58 are similar to the first electrodes 11 c in accordance with Embodiment 4 shown in FIG. 19(A), and the second electrodes 13 k in accordance with the present embodiment shown in FIG. 58 are similar to the second electrodes 13 c in accordance with Embodiment 4 shown in FIG. 19(A). The first electrodes 11 k and the second electrodes 13 k are not necessarily arranged in zigzag patterns. A first amorphous semiconductor film 7 k and a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 k in accordance with the present embodiment have the same configurations as the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i in accordance with Embodiment 11 respectively.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 e in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11, and differs in the pattern of a third opening 32 k of a third mask 31 k. The first electrodes 11 k and the second electrodes 13 k in the present embodiment are formed using the third mask 31 k shown in FIG. 59. That third opening 32 k of the third mask 31 k which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 k in the present embodiment has the same pattern as that third opening 32 i of the third mask 31 i (see FIG. 48) which corresponds to the first electrodes 11 i in accordance with Embodiment 11. That third opening 32 k of the third mask 31 k which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 k in the present embodiment has a pattern in which that third opening 32 i of the third mask 31 i (see FIG. 48) which corresponds to the second electrodes 13 i in accordance with Embodiment 11 is shifted by half a cycle in the second direction. The third opening 32 k is divided into a plurality of sections that is separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 k and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 k. The third mask 31 k shown in FIG. 59 has the same configuration as the third mask 31 c shown in FIG. 20(B).

The photovoltaic module 51 e in accordance with the present embodiment achieves both the effects achieved by the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11 and the effects achieved by the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with Embodiment 13. The method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 e in accordance with the present embodiment achieves both the effects achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11 and the effects achieved by the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 d in accordance with Embodiment 13.

A variation example of the photovoltaic module 51 e in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. In this variation example, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 k and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 k may be divided into a plurality of sections not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction, when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. In this variation example, the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 k and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 k are arranged in zigzag patterns when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2. The first amorphous semiconductor film 7 k and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 k may be arranged in other patterns when viewed from the second face 2 b side of the semiconductor substrate 2.

Embodiment 15

A photovoltaic module 51 f and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 f will be described in accordance with Embodiment 15 in reference to FIGS. 60 to 63. The photovoltaic module 51 f in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11 shown in FIGS. 44 to 46(B), and differs in the arrangement patterns of first electrodes 11 m and second electrodes 13 m.

The photovoltaic module 51 f in accordance with the present embodiment includes a photovoltaic device 1 m. Referring to FIG. 62, the photovoltaic device 1 m in accordance with the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the photovoltaic device 1 i in accordance with Embodiment 11. In the photovoltaic device 1 m in accordance with the present embodiment, however, the first electrodes 11 m have a cycle p₁₃ in the second direction, and the second electrodes 13 m have a cycle p₁₄ in the second direction, the cycle p₁₃ being shorter than the cycle p₁₄. Each first electrode 11 f has a smaller second-direction length than does each second electrode 13 f. A first amorphous semiconductor film 7 m and a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 m in accordance with the present embodiment have the same configurations as the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i in accordance with Embodiment 11 respectively.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 f in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11, and differs in the pattern of a third opening 32 m of a third mask 31 m. Referring to FIG. 63, those sections of the third opening 32 m of the third mask 31 m which correspond to the first electrodes 11 m have a shorter cycle than do those sections of the third opening 32 m of the third mask 31 m which correspond to the second electrodes 13 m. Each section of the third opening 32 m of the third mask 31 m that corresponds to one of the first electrodes 11 m has a second-direction length that is smaller than the second-direction length w_(5y) of each section of the third opening 32 m of the third mask 31 m that corresponds to one of the second electrodes 13 m. The sections of the third opening 32 m are separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 m and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 m.

Effects of the photovoltaic module 51 f and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 f in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. In the photovoltaic module 51 f in accordance with the present embodiment, the cycle p₁₃ of the first electrodes 11 m in the second direction is shorter than the cycle p₁₄ of the second electrodes 13 m in the second direction. The area of the region surrounded by the wiring sheet 40 and those first electrodes 11 m which are adjacent in a plan view from the second face 2 b of the semiconductor substrate 2 increases. The junction material 38 provides an increased junction area for the photovoltaic device 1 m and the wiring sheet 40. As a result, the photovoltaic module 51 f and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 f in accordance with the present embodiment impart further improved mechanical connection strength to the photovoltaic device 1 m and the wiring sheet 40.

Each first electrode 11 m has a larger area than each second electrode 13 m. Especially, when the junction material 38 is not provided on the first electrodes 11 m, mechanical junction strength decreases relatively between the photovoltaic device 1 m and the wiring sheet 40 on regions of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 m where the first electrodes 11 m reside. Setting the cycle p₁₃ of the first electrodes 11 m in the second direction to a value smaller than the cycle p₁₄ of the second electrodes 13 m in the second direction can prevent relative decrease of mechanical junction strength between the photovoltaic device 1 m and the wiring sheet 40 on those regions of the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 m.

Embodiment 16

A photovoltaic module 51 g and a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 g will be described in accordance with Embodiment 16 in reference to FIGS. 64 to 67. The photovoltaic module 51 g in accordance with the present embodiment basically has the same configuration and achieves the same effects as the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11 shown in FIGS. 44 to 46(B), and differs in the arrangement patterns of first electrodes 11 n and second electrodes 13 n.

The photovoltaic module 51 g in accordance with the present embodiment includes a photovoltaic device 1 n. Referring to FIG. 66, the photovoltaic device 1 n in accordance with the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the photovoltaic device 1 i in accordance with Embodiment 11. In the photovoltaic device 1 n in accordance with the present embodiment, however, the first electrodes 11 n are separated in the second direction by a distance g₁₃, and the second electrodes 13 n are separated in the second direction by a distance g₁₄, the distance g₁₃ being smaller than the distance g₁₄. Each first electrode 11 n has a smaller length in the second direction than does each second electrode 13 n. A first amorphous semiconductor film 7 n and a second amorphous semiconductor film 9 n in accordance with the present embodiment have the same configurations as the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 i and the second amorphous semiconductor film 9 i in accordance with Embodiment 11 respectively.

An exemplary method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 g in accordance with the present embodiment basically includes the same steps and achieves the same effects as the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 b in accordance with Embodiment 11, and differs in the pattern of a third opening 32 n of a third mask 31 n. Referring to FIG. 67, those sections of the third opening 32 n of the third mask 31 n which correspond to the first electrodes 11 n are separated by a distance that is smaller than the distance d_(5y) separating those sections of the third opening 32 n of the third mask 31 n which correspond to the second electrodes 13 n. Each section of the third opening 32 n of the third mask 31 n which corresponds to one of the first electrodes 11 n has a smaller length in the second direction than the second-direction length w_(5y) of each section of the third opening 32 n of the third mask 31 n which corresponds to one of the second electrodes 13 n. The sections of the third opening 32 n are separated in the first direction by a fifth bridge section 33 n and in the second direction by a sixth bridge section 34 n.

Effects of the photovoltaic module 51 g and the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 51 g in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. In the photovoltaic module 51 g in accordance with the present embodiment, the distance g₁₃ separating the first electrodes 11 n in the second direction is smaller than the distance g₁₄ separating the second electrodes 13 n in the second direction. Therefore, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate 2 by the light incident on the first face 2 a side of the semiconductor substrate 2 can be more efficiently collected through the first amorphous semiconductor film 7 n and the first electrodes 11 n.

Additional Description

(1) An embodiment disclosed here includes a semiconductor substrate, a first amorphous semiconductor film of a first conductivity type, a second amorphous semiconductor film of a second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, first electrodes, and second electrodes. The semiconductor substrate has a first face and a second face opposite the first face. The semiconductor substrate is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate stretches in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate and divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. The second amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate and divided into a plurality of sections in the first direction and the second direction. The first electrodes are disposed respectively on these sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film. The second electrodes are disposed respectively on these sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here exhibits an improved heat resistance.

In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first electrodes are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film, but the other first electrodes will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence has a low defective rate. In the photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the second electrodes are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film, but the other second electrodes will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence has a low defective rate.

(2) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film and the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners, when viewed from a second face side of the semiconductor substrate. This structure can restrain the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film.

(3) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the circles and rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film.

(4) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the distance separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film, the distance separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film, and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate. Therefore, the minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film and the first electrodes or the second amorphous semiconductor film and the second electrodes.

(5) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the distance separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film, the distance separating the first-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film, and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device can be prevented.

(6) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each section of the first amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device can be prevented.

(7) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each section of the second amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance. Excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic device can be prevented.

(8) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first amorphous semiconductor film may have a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film, when viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here thus allows for greater freedom in design.

(9) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film may be arranged in a lattice pattern or a zigzag pattern, when viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here thus allows for greater freedom in design.

(10) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film may have a shorter cycle in the second direction than do the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence exhibits a further improved heat resistance.

(11) In a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film may be separated in the second direction by a smaller distance than are the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film. According to the photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can hence be more efficiently collected through the first amorphous semiconductor film and the first electrodes.

(12) A photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here may further include an i-type amorphous semiconductor film between the semiconductor substrate and the first amorphous semiconductor film and between the semiconductor substrate and the second amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can hence further improve the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

(13) A method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here includes the following steps. The first amorphous semiconductor film of the first conductivity type is formed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate using the first mask, the semiconductor substrate having the first face and the second face opposite the first face. The semiconductor substrate is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate and stretches in the first direction and the second direction that intersects the first direction. The first mask includes a first bridge section, a second bridge section, and a first opening. The first opening is, in the first direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the first bridge section. The first opening is, in the second direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the second bridge section. The second amorphous semiconductor film of the second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type is formed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate, using the second mask having a third bridge section, a fourth bridge section, and a second opening. The second opening is, in the first direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the third bridge section. The second opening is, in the second direction, divided into a plurality of sections by the fourth bridge section. The first electrodes are formed respectively on the sections of the first amorphous semiconductor film. The second electrodes are formed respectively on the sections of the second amorphous semiconductor film. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the resultant photovoltaic device exhibits an improved heat resistance.

According to a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first electrodes are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film, but the other first electrodes will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the photovoltaic device can hence be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the second electrodes are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film, but the other second electrodes will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the photovoltaic device can hence be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate.

(14) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the sections of the first opening of the first mask and the sections of the second opening of the second mask may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners. This structure can restrain the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film, thereby suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film

(15) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the circles and rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. This structure can restrain the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate from accumulating in a particular part of the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film, thereby further suppressing temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first amorphous semiconductor film or the second amorphous semiconductor film.

(16) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the first-direction width of the first bridge section of the first mask, the second-direction width of the second bridge section of the first mask, the first-direction width of the third bridge section of the second mask, and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section of the second mask may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate. Therefore, the minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film and the first electrodes or the second amorphous semiconductor film and the second electrodes.

(17) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the first-direction width of the first bridge section of the first mask, the second-direction width of the second bridge section of the first mask, the first-direction width of the third bridge section of the second mask, and the second-direction width of the fourth bridge section of the second mask may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. Therefore, the resultant photovoltaic device exhibits a further improved heat resistance and prevents excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

(18) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the second-direction distance of the second bridge section of the first mask may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each section of the first opening of the first mask. Therefore, the resultant photovoltaic device exhibits a further improved heat resistance and prevents excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

(19) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the second-direction distance of the fourth bridge section of the second mask may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each section of the second opening of the second mask. Therefore, the resultant photovoltaic device exhibits a further improved heat resistance and prevents excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

(20) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first opening of the first mask may have a larger area than the second opening of the second mask. Therefore, the resultant photovoltaic device allows for greater freedom in design.

(21) A method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here may further involve forming an i-type amorphous semiconductor film between the semiconductor substrate and the first amorphous semiconductor film and between the semiconductor substrate and the second amorphous semiconductor film. Therefore, the resultant photovoltaic device can further improve the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

(22) An embodiment disclosed here includes a photovoltaic device and a wiring sheet. The photovoltaic device includes a semiconductor substrate, a first amorphous semiconductor film of a first conductivity type, a second amorphous semiconductor film of a second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, first electrodes, and second electrodes. The semiconductor substrate has a first face and a second face opposite the first face. The semiconductor substrate is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate stretches in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate. The second amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate. The first electrodes are disposed on the first amorphous semiconductor film and separated in the first direction and the second direction. The second electrodes are disposed on the second amorphous semiconductor film and separated in the first direction and the second direction. The photovoltaic device is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet using a junction material. The junction material is disposed in at least one of a region surrounded by the wiring sheet and an adjacent pair of the sections of the first electrodes and a region surrounded by the wiring sheet and an adjacent pair of the sections of the second electrodes. The wiring sheet includes first wires electrically connected to the first electrodes and second wires electrically connected to the second electrodes. The photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence improves mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet.

In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first electrodes are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film, but the other first electrodes will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence has a low defective rate. In the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the second electrodes are separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film, but the other second electrodes will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence has a low defective rate.

(23) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the first electrodes and the second electrodes may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners when viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate. According to the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can hence be restrained from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes or the second electrodes, which suppresses temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first electrodes and the second electrodes from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes or the second electrodes.

(24) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, these circles and rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. According to the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate are restrained from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes or the second electrodes, which further suppresses temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first electrodes and electrodes from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes or the second electrodes.

(25) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate. According to the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can hence be efficiently collected through either the first electrodes or the second electrodes.

(26) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, at least one of the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes and the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can hence further improve mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here.

(27) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent first electrodes may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each first electrode. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence further improves mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here.

(28) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the distance separating the second-direction-wise adjacent second electrodes may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each second electrode. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence further improves mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet. This structure can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here.

(29) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first amorphous semiconductor film may have a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film, when viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here thus allows for greater freedom in design.

(30) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first amorphous semiconductor film and the second amorphous semiconductor film may be arranged in a stripe pattern, a lattice pattern, or a zigzag pattern, when viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here thus allows for greater freedom in design.

(31) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first electrodes may have a shorter cycle in the second direction than do the second electrodes. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here hence further improves mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet.

(32) In a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the distance separating the first electrodes in the second direction may be smaller than the distance separating the second electrodes in the second direction. According to the photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can hence be more efficiently collected through the first amorphous semiconductor film and the first electrodes.

(33) A photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here may further include an i-type amorphous semiconductor film between the semiconductor substrate and the first amorphous semiconductor film and between the semiconductor substrate and the second amorphous semiconductor film. The photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can hence further improve the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

(34) A method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here includes the following steps. A photovoltaic device is prepared. The photovoltaic device includes a semiconductor substrate, a first amorphous semiconductor film of a first conductivity type, a second amorphous semiconductor film of a second conductivity type that differs from the first conductivity type, first electrodes, and second electrodes. The semiconductor substrate has a first face and a second face opposite the first face. The semiconductor substrate is a monocrystal semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate stretches in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction. The first amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate. The second amorphous semiconductor film is disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate. The first electrodes are separated in the first direction and the second direction. The second electrodes are separated in the first direction and the second direction. A wiring sheet is prepared that includes first wires and second wires. A junction material is disposed on at least one of the wiring sheet and the photovoltaic device. The photovoltaic device is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet using the junction material. The junction material is disposed in at least one of a region surrounded by the wiring sheet and an adjacent pair of the first electrodes and a region surrounded by the wiring sheet and an adjacent pair of the second electrodes. The first wires are electrically connected to the first electrodes, and the second wires are electrically connected to the second electrodes. The method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can hence improve mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet.

According to a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the resultant photovoltaic module includes the first electrodes being separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the first electrodes could possibly come off the first amorphous semiconductor film, but the other first electrodes will not come off the first amorphous semiconductor film. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the photovoltaic module can be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the resultant photovoltaic module includes the second electrodes being separated not only in the first direction, but also in the second direction that intersects the first direction. Therefore, some of the second electrodes could possibly come off the second amorphous semiconductor film, but the other second electrodes will not come off the second amorphous semiconductor film. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the photovoltaic module can be manufactured at an improved non-defective product rate.

(35) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the preparation of a photovoltaic device may involve forming the first electrodes and the second electrodes using a mask (third mask 31) having a first bridge section (fifth bridge section 33), a second bridge section (sixth bridge section 34), and an opening (third opening 32). The opening (third opening 32) may, in the first direction, be divided into a plurality of sections by the first bridge section (fifth bridge section 33). The opening (third opening 32) may, in the second direction, be divided into a plurality of sections by the second bridge section (sixth bridge section 34). According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the mask (third mask 31) has not only the first bridge section (fifth bridge section 33), but also the second bridge section (sixth bridge section 34). Therefore, the first bridge section (fifth bridge section 33) and the second bridge section (sixth bridge section 34) can impart improved mechanical strength to the mask (third mask 31). According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the first electrodes and the second electrodes can be formed in a more accurate pattern.

(36) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, each section of the opening (third opening 32) of the mask (third mask 31) may be shaped like a circle, a polygon, or a polygon with rounded corners. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can hence be restrained from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes or the second electrodes, which suppresses temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn restrain the first electrodes and electrodes from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes or the second electrodes.

(37) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the circles and rounded corners may have a radius of curvature of from 1 μm to 10 mm inclusive. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can hence be restrained from accumulating in a particular part of the first electrodes or the second electrodes, which further suppresses temperature rises in this particular part. That can in turn further restrain the first electrodes and electrodes from being degraded or coming off the semiconductor substrate due to a temperature rise in the first electrodes or the second electrodes.

(38) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the width of the second bridge section (sixth bridge section 34) may be less than or equal to the diffusion length in the semiconductor substrate of minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the minority carriers generated in the semiconductor substrate by the light incident on the first face side of the semiconductor substrate can be efficiently collected through either the first amorphous semiconductor film and the first electrodes or the second amorphous semiconductor film and the second electrodes.

(39) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the width of the second bridge section (sixth bridge section 34) may be from 30 μm to 1 mm inclusive. The method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can hence further improve mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet. The method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module.

(40) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the width of the second bridge section (sixth bridge section 34) may be from one thousandth to one tenth inclusive, of the second-direction length of each section of the opening (third opening 32) of the mask (third mask 31). The method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can hence further improve mechanical connection strength between the photovoltaic device and the wiring sheet. The method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can prevent excess drop in light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module.

(41) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the preparation of a photovoltaic device may involve forming the first amorphous semiconductor film having a larger area than the second amorphous semiconductor film, when viewed from the second face side of the semiconductor substrate. According to the method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the photovoltaic module can be manufactured with greater freedom in design.

(42) In a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here, the preparation of the photovoltaic device may further involve forming an i-type amorphous semiconductor film between the semiconductor substrate and the first amorphous semiconductor film and between the semiconductor substrate and the second amorphous semiconductor film. The method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module in accordance with an embodiment disclosed here can hence further improve the light-energy-to-electric-energy conversion efficiency.

The embodiments disclosed herein are for illustrative purposes only in every respect and provide no basis for restrictive interpretations. The scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims and never bound by the description. Those modifications and variations that may lead to equivalents of claimed elements are all included within the scope of the invention.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   -   1, 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, 1 d, 1 e, 1 f, 1 g, 1 h, 1 i, 1 j, 1 k, 1 m, 1         n: Photovoltaic Device     -   2: Semiconductor Substrate     -   2 a: First Face     -   2 b: Second Face     -   3: Third Amorphous Semiconductor Film     -   4: Antireflection Coat     -   5: Amorphous Semiconductor Film     -   7, 7 a, 7 b, 7 c, 7 d, 7 e, 7 f, 7 g, 7 h, 7 i, 7 j, 7 k, 7 m, 7         n: First Amorphous Semiconductor Film     -   9, 9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 9 e, 9 f, 9 g, 9 h, 9 i, 9 j, 9 k, 9 m, 9         n: Second Amorphous Semiconductor Film     -   11, 11 a, 11 b, 11 c, 11 d, 11 e, 11 f, 11 g, 11 h, 11 i, 11 j,         11 k, 11 m, 11 n: First Electrode     -   13, 13 a, 13 b, 13 c, 13 d, 13 e, 13 f, 13 g, 13 h, 13 i, 13 j,         13 k, 13 m, 13 n: Second Electrode     -   21, 21 a, 21 d, 21 h, 21 i: First Mask     -   22, 22 a, 22 d, 22 h, 22 i: First Opening     -   23, 23 a, 23 d, 23 h, 23 i: First Bridge Section     -   24, 24 a, 24 d: Second Bridge Section     -   26, 26 a, 26 b, 26 c, 26 d, 26 f, 26 g, 26 h, 26 i: Second Mask     -   27, 27 a, 27 b, 27 c, 27 d, 27 f, 27 g, 27 h, 27 i: Second         Opening     -   28, 28 a, 28 b, 28 c, 28 d, 28 f, 28 g, 28 h, 28 i: Third Bridge         Section     -   29, 29 a, 29 b, 29 c, 29 d, 29 f, 29 g: Fourth Bridge Section     -   31, 31 a, 31 b, 31 c, 31 d, 31 e, 31 f, 31 g, 31 i, 31 j, 31 k,         31 m, 31 n: Third Mask     -   32, 32 a, 32 b, 32 c, 32 d, 32 e, 32 f, 32 g, 32 i, 32 j, 32 k,         32 m, 32 n: Third Opening     -   33, 33 a, 33 b, 33 c, 33 e, 33 f, 33 g, 33 i, 33 j, 33 k, 33 m,         33 n: Fifth Bridge Section     -   34, 34 a, 34 b, 34 c, 34 f, 34 g, 34 i, 34 j, 34 k, 34 m, 34 n:         Sixth Bridge Section     -   38: Junction Material     -   40: Wiring Sheet     -   41: Base Material     -   42: First Wire     -   43: Second Wire     -   44: Power Collection Wire     -   51, 51 a, 51 b, 51 c, 51 d, 51 e, 51 f, 51 g: Photovoltaic         Module 

What is claimed is:
 1. A photovoltaic device comprising: a semiconductor substrate having a first face and a second face opposite the first face, the semiconductor substrate comprising a monocrystal semiconductor substrate and extending in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction; a first amorphous semiconductor film of a first conductivity type disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate and divided into a plurality of first sections in the first direction and the second direction; a second amorphous semiconductor film of a second conductivity type disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate, the second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, the second amorphous semiconductor film divided into a plurality of second sections in the first direction and the second direction; a plurality of first electrodes arranged in the first direction and the second direction on the plurality of first sections; and a plurality of second electrodes arranged in the first direction and the second direction on the plurality of second sections, wherein the plurality of first sections and the plurality of second sections including outermost sections in the second direction of the photovoltaic device are arranged alternately in the first direction, wherein each first section of the plurality of first sections surrounds one of the plurality of first electrodes on that first section; and wherein each second section of the plurality of second sections surrounds one of the plurality of second electrodes on that second section.
 2. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes including outermost electrodes in the second direction of the photovoltaic device are arranged alternately in the first direction.
 3. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein a first width in the first direction of the plurality of first sections is wider than a second width in the first direction of the plurality of second sections.
 4. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein a third width in the first direction of the plurality of first electrodes is wider than a fourth width in the first direction of the plurality of second electrodes.
 5. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first sections has a larger area than the plurality of second sections, when viewed from a second face side of the semiconductor substrate.
 6. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first electrodes has a shorter cycle in the second direction than the plurality of second electrodes.
 7. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first electrodes is separated in the second direction by a smaller distance than the plurality of second electrodes.
 8. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first electrodes has a larger area than the plurality of second electrodes when viewed from a second face side of the semiconductor substrate.
 9. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate is of n-type, the first amorphous semiconductor film is of p-type, and the second amorphous semiconductor film is of n-type.
 10. A photovoltaic module comprising: a photovoltaic device according to claim 1; and a wiring sheet, wherein the photovoltaic device is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet using a junction material, wherein the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes are adjacent to each other in the first direction, wherein the junction material is disposed in regions between the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes, and wherein the wiring sheet comprises first wires electrically connected to the plurality of first electrodes and second wires electrically connected to the plurality of second electrodes.
 11. A photovoltaic device comprising: a semiconductor substrate having a first face and a second face opposite the first face, the semiconductor substrate comprising a monocrystal semiconductor substrate and extending in a first direction and a second direction that intersects the first direction; a first amorphous semiconductor film of a first conductivity type disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate and divided into a plurality of first sections in the first direction and the second direction; a second amorphous semiconductor film of a second conductivity type disposed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate, the second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, the second amorphous semiconductor film divided into a plurality of second sections in the first direction and the second direction; a plurality of first electrodes arranged in the first direction and the second direction on the plurality of first sections; and a plurality of second electrodes arranged in the first direction and the second direction on the plurality of second sections, wherein the plurality of second sections is arranged to overlap the plurality of first sections in the second direction when viewed from the first direction, wherein the plurality of second sections is arranged to overlap the plurality of first sections in the first direction when viewed from the second direction, wherein the plurality of second sections is arranged not to overlap the plurality of first sections when viewed from a second face side of the semiconductor substrate, wherein each first section of the plurality of first sections surrounds one of the plurality of first electrodes on that first section, wherein each second section of the plurality of second sections surrounds one of the plurality of second electrodes on that second section, wherein a first area size of each first section of the plurality of first sections is larger than a second area size of each second section of the plurality of second sections, and wherein a third area size of each first electrode of the plurality of first electrodes is larger than a fourth area size of each second electrode of the plurality of second electrodes.
 12. The photovoltaic device according to claim 11, wherein at both ends of the photovoltaic device in the second direction, only a plurality of first sections is arranged in the first direction.
 13. The photovoltaic device according to claim 11, wherein at both ends of the photovoltaic device in the second direction, only a plurality of first electrodes is arranged in the first direction.
 14. The photovoltaic device according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes are shaped like a circle or a polygon with rounded corners when viewed from a second face side of the semiconductor substrate.
 15. The photovoltaic device according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of first electrodes has a shorter cycle in the second direction than the plurality of second electrodes.
 16. The photovoltaic device according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of first electrodes is separated in the second direction by a smaller distance than the plurality of second electrodes.
 17. The photovoltaic device according to claim 11, wherein the semiconductor substrate is of n-type, the first amorphous semiconductor film is of p-type, and the second amorphous semiconductor film is of n-type.
 18. A photovoltaic module comprising: a photovoltaic device according to claim 11; and a wiring sheet, wherein the photovoltaic device is mechanically connected to the wiring sheet using a junction material, wherein the junction material is disposed in regions between the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes, and wherein the wiring sheet comprises first wires electrically connected to the plurality of first electrodes and second wires electrically connected to the plurality of second electrodes. 